However, a minor who is fifteen and a half years old may apply for a class M-permit, which is valid for seven months. Arizona uses a three-class system to categorize electric bicycles: Class 1 and 2 electric bikes can be used on bike paths, while Class 3 bikes may not. Passengers are also required to sit on a seat and have access to footrests. An AZ motorcycle permit is the first step in getting your license if you are younger than 18 years of age when you first apply. If the class M license is combined with any other class of license, it will be added as an "endorsement" (L or M) on the back of the current license. In addition to scooters, mopeds and motorized bicycles, there are many similar types of vehicles that are also regulated by Arizona law. A citation issued for violating subsection E of this section shall be dismissed if the licensee to whom the citation was issued produces a written, notarized letter from the parent or legal guardian of the licensee to the appropriate court officer on or before the date and time specified on the citation for court appearance and in a manner specified by the court that states the passengers in the vehicle with the licensee at the time of the violation were the siblings of the licensee. Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Taskforce (Division), What to Do and Expect When Pulled Over by Law Enforcement, Gang & Immigration Intelligence Team Enforcement Mission (GIITEM), Interdiction for the Protection of Children (IPC), National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), 2015: 814 collisions investigated, 41 were fatal collisions, 2016: 792 collisions investigated, 32 were fatal collisions. Never assume that a car will see you. If any of these types of vehicles lacks a protective windshield, all operators and passengers, regardless of age, must wear protective goggles, glasses, or a transparent face shields approved by the Arizona MVD. You may have to pay opposing parties legal fees in the event of a loss. A motorcycle helmet is one of the most important pieces of safety equipment. All articles related to Law, Safety, or information are provided for educational use only, and constitute expressions of opinions and advice of the author only.The Motorcycle Legal Foundation shall assume no liability whatsoever for your reliance on any of the articles contained herein, nor should you rely on said articles as statements of fact. No age restrictions exist for passengers, but anyone who is younger than 18 years old must wear a helmet. Arizona motorcycle licenses are valid until you turn 65, however you will have to update your photo and re-take the eye . Read more here. Motorcycle Cheat Sheet. During an emergency in which stopping the motor vehicle is impossible or will create an additional emergency or safety hazard. I really need to know that as well. However, if you take your motorcycle license test using a vehicle that has an engine under 5 horsepower, you'll be limited to driving these smaller vehicles. Instead of clearing out space in the garage and preparing your motorcycle for winter storage, make this the year when you brave the colder Helmets are not required in Alaska for the Rider. 4586 ext. His offices are located at 235 Montgomery St., Ste 668, San Francisco, CA 94104 and at 3140 Chapman St. Oakland, CA 94601. When turning left, take an extra look before turning. Compare quotes for free, and find cheaper motorcycle insurance. A written, notarized letter from the parent or legal guardian of the licensee that the licensee was going to or returning from a sanctioned school sponsored activity, the licensee's place of employment, a sanctioned religious activity or a family emergency. For vehicles that require liability protection, you must have at least the following amount of coverage: Editorial Note: The content of this article is based on the authors opinions and recommendations alone. CHILDREN - MOTOR VEHICLES - MOTORCYCLES - CHILDREN AS PASSENGERS ON MOTORCYCLES. The first part lets motorists know they cannot deprive the use of a lane to a motorcycle. There is a maximum noise level for mufflers, but it is determined according to the model of the motorcycle, measured 50ft from the center of a lane of the road. Not having enough of this basic (not to mention mandatory) coverage can leave you with a tremendous amount of financial debt. Lerner and Rowe Law Group, Lerner and Rowe Injury Attorneys and Social Security Disability Advocates are separate and independent companies/law firms. Helmets must be worn by anyone younger than 18 years of age. motorcycle registration and title requirements in Arizona, motorcycle safety courses and Basic Rider Training programs. This permit is for instructional purposes until the time that the individual turns sixteen. Correctly position the child on the seat with feet on the pegs. Drivers must be over 18 to drive these for-hire vehicles, but there is typically still a passenger limit. Although there is no age minimum, children should never be seated between two adults. Any operator or passenger who is below eighteen years old must wear a protective helmet. An operator or passenger of a motorcycle, all-terrain vehicle or motor driven cycle who is under eighteen years of age shall wear at all times a protective helmet on the operator's or passenger's head in an appropriate manner. Find some helpful tips for when you buy a motorcycle. C. Except as provided in subsection D of this section, a class G driver license entitles the licensee to drive a motor vehicle that requires a class G license on the public highways. With the safety of your child in mind, lets take a look at legal restrictions on the age of motorcycle passengers along with information about safety gear and equipment that help ensure that you and your passengers have an enjoyable and safe ride together. Thanks for spotting this out! Period safety and equipment inspections for motorcycles in Arizona are performed at random. A written, notarized letter from a representative of the sanctioned school sponsored activity certifying that the licensee was returning from the school activity. Firms do not have access to the others cases, nor share information with the others. The minimum age for a commercial driver license is 21. You'll need to get moped insurance and register your moped, but you don't need a title proving you own the vehicle. The law includes an exemption for passengers who cannot comply because of permanent physical disability. The main reason headlights are used during daylight hours is safety. Carry passengers on freeways or interstate highways, Operate a motorcycle on freeways or interstate highways, Operate a motorcycle when there is not enough light to clearly see people or vehicles at a distance of 500 feet, Drive without the visual supervision of a licensed driver, Your motorcycle license does not expire until age 65, Drivers age 60 and older will receive a 5-year license, You will be required to take a new photo and an eye test every 12 years. (ii) A custodial parent or guardian of the person certifies in writing to the department that the applicant has completed at least twenty hours of supervised driving practice and that at least six of the required practice hours were at night. Each state you cross through will have varying laws for safety equipment requirements and your motorcycle itself. More specifically, you will not be permitted to: Related post: Does Arizona Have a Motorcycle Helmet Law? Weve put together a list of the top six most common laws you should be aware of in each state. In order to stay safe in the event of a crash, you should know what you will do if you do crash. ARS 28-924.B requires headlamps on a motorcycle. . Voted Best Personal Injury Law Firm in the Valley in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 in AZ Foothill Magazine independent reader polls. Learn how to get a motorcycle license in Arizona. The Best Motorcycle Gloves for Winter Extend your riding season with a pair of winter motorcycle gloves. No minimum age restriction exists for passengers, but riders must have a license and not a learners permit to carry a passenger. Rider/Passenger Equipment Requirements Riders and passengers under the age of 18 must wear a helmet There are no restrictions on helmet speakers All riders and passengers must wear eye protection, unless the motorcycle is equipped with a windshield License Restrictions You must be 16 years old to obtain a motorcycle license in Arizona Safety should be the first concern while enjoying our beautiful and scenic state. Child must be properly seated. A passenger must be at least five years old to be a passenger. In states where Progressive motorcycle insurance is low, such as Florida, Maine, Massachusetts and New York, Progressive policies may average out to roughly $15 per month or $180 per year. Additionally, you need to take note of these other Arizona motorcycle permit restrictions. Learn more about motorcycle registration and title requirements in Arizona. Motorcycle Rider Skill Test Instructions: Three-Wheel. The person has a valid instruction permit issued pursuant to this article and the person has held the instruction permit for at least six months, except that this requirement does not apply to a person who has a currently valid driver license issued by another jurisdiction. I. Before that year, helmets were something that the losers wore. F. Except as provided in subsection K of this section, for the first six months that a class G licensee holds the license, the licensee may not drive a motor vehicle while using a wireless communication device for any reason except either: 1. During the road test, you must demonstrate to a state inspector that you have the ability to safely operate a motorcycle by performing turns, stops and other basic maneuvers. No restrictions The other 46 states/territories have no restrictions on passengers, however, you should still use your best judgment for your passenger. The Best Motorcycle Gloves for Winter Extend your riding season with a pair of winter motorcycle gloves. Additionally, motor-driven cycles may not be permitted on some Arizona highways due to their lower speeds. It has been updated. A child may ride as a passenger provided their feet rest comfortably on the footrests when seated in a passenger seat permanently affixed to the vehicle. Your typical sunglasses arent shatter-resistance, so leave your expensive sunglasses at home. 15 1/2 years old to 16 years old: Eligible for a driver's awareness permit. Do you know them all? Consider the possibility that a car or motorcycle may be in your blind spot. Our professional legal team screens submissions and assigns cases to some of the best motorcycle lawyers in the US. If you are at least 15 years and 6 months old, you may be issued a motorcycle instruction permit. Motorcycles must have separate seats and footrests for passengers who must be at least 7 years old. . This measurement is taken when the operator is sitting normally on the seat with his or her hands on the handlebars. The Motorcycle Legal Foundation Blog is owned by Michael Padway as an educational resource only.None of the material on this site is expressly or impliedly meant to provide legal advice to you in any way shape or form. Planning ahead for a long ride can be difficult as each state along the way can have different laws regarding safety equipment use, passengers, and motorcycle modifications. Your child needs a helmet that fits properly. Electric skateboard with a standing deck but no seat or handlebars. Helmet, gloves, footwear, eye protectors, and clothing are required while taking this test, though they are not all required on the road. If a passenger is under 18 years old, he or she is required to wear a helmet. If you do not already have a valid motorcycle license from another state, you must take a road test. The busy summer months are just around the corner, and youre probably getting your motorcycle ready to ride. The licensee is driving directly to or from a sanctioned school sponsored activity, the licensee's place of employment, a sanctioned religious activity or a family emergency. Of course, safety is your primary concern, so getting them the proper headgear and eye protection goes without saying. Compare the Best Motorcycle Insurance Quotes, Find Cheap Motorcycle Insurance Quotes in Your Area. 2022 Motorcycle Legal Fundation all rights reserved. Slight correction. A citation issued for violating subsection D of this section shall be dismissed if the licensee to whom the citation was issued produces any of the following evidence to the appropriate court officer on or before the date and time specified on the citation for court appearance and in a manner specified by the court: 1. For more information, please call (800) 928-1511. Arizona electric and motorized bicycle laws. If you are a first-time driver, you will be required to pass both a driver license and a motorcycle operator written test. Good Article, Thank you! 2. It's considered an "electric miniature scooter" if it weighs less than 30 pounds with a maximum speed of 10 miles per hour. Unless the child is at least five years old, riding with your son, daughter, or grandchild as a passenger is illegal in Texas and Washington, but you could take them along with you without violating the law in South Carolina as long as the motorcycle is equipped with a seat designed for two people or has a second seat permanently attached for the passenger. Wherever you live or ride, the safety of a child should be your paramount concern. This year, youve decided to venture to a few new states and possibly do that cross-country tour you wanted. For additional information, see theCommercial Driver License Manual. Using daytime headlights is not required for motorcycles in Arizona. In that case, youll notice that some require a D.O.T. by | May 25, 2022 | the orchards haven | josh frydenberg net worth | May 25, 2022 | the orchards haven | josh frydenberg net worth Taillights and headlights are optional when riding off-road. Must pass between vehicles, not on the outsides. tyr's temple puzzle chest / oklahoma high school state championships / arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction; 26. Vehicles must be stopped. An operator license with a motorcycle endorsement allows you to drive any vehicle that does not require a commercial license. No age restrictions exist for passengers. you'll be issued your AZ motorcycle permit. Passenger seats and foot pegs are required, but the state does not have a minimum age for passengers. Completing the course will waive the requirements for the written exam and road test. Since the material on this site is provided for educational use only, and laws continuously change from time to time, the contributors of this website neither expressly nor impliedly warrants that any of the material provided on this website is accurate. Make sure that they are wearing all of the necessary motorcycle safety equipment. 2. Check with the states where you intend to ride to make certain that carrying a passenger does not violate their laws. So, you should wear clothing that is appropriate to protect you from weather, debris, and other dangers on the road. Arizona does not prohibit radar detectors. Wear eye protection. Motorcycles must have a passenger seat and footrests to carry passengers. Costs to obtain a motorcycle license vary, so check with the motor vehicles agency for the charges in your state. A bug, or road debris in your eye is not only painful but can lead to a collision and serious injuries. Caution the child against making sudden moves while the motorcycle is in motion. It does require a helmet to be worn by riders younger than 18. 2010-10-26 01:26:49. Class G driver licenses; restrictions; civil penalties; motorcycles. how to get a motorcycle license in Arizona. Washington, D.C. requires a passenger seat and footpegs, but it does not have a minimum age for passengers. Safety While riders under 18 are required to wear a helmet and eye protection at all times, there is no minimum operator age for off-road riding. Use the information weve provided to research about the motorcycle laws that apply to you. No attorney/client relationship shall be expressly or impliedly created between The Motorcycle Legal Foundation, and you, by the publishing of articles on this site, or by comments by any party including contributors of the Motorcycle Legal Foundation, nor should you interpret that any such relationship has been created by the publishing of any content on this site. They need to have the same safety gear as the operator. The good news is that once youve taken the required steps to obtain an Arizona motorcycle license, you only need to keep these time limits in mind: Regardless of age, if you are a temporary resident you may apply for a five-year Arizona motorcycle license. Beyond California, it isnt a documented legal riding practice and will most likely cause confusion or road rage from other motorists. You still need a motorcycle license to drive a motor scooter on Arizona roads, regardless of how powerful its engine is, and you must register your vehicle with the Arizona Motor Vehicle Division (MVD). Passengers must be at least eight years of age. An applicant must also have satisfactorily completed both a graduated and a motorcycle driver education program approved by MVD or the parent or guardian must certify in writing that the applicant has completed at least 30 hours of motorcycle riding practice. In-helmet headphones or speakers are not prohibited. The department shall extend the restriction prescribed by subsection D, E or F of this section for thirty days, or if the restriction prescribed by subsection D, E or F of this section is complete, the thirty day restriction begins on the department's receipt of the report of the finding of responsibility. ATTENTION: Are you complying with your state's insurance laws? No riding experience is necessary to complete a course. Eye protection should be worn regardless of the laws, and it should be either a D.O.T. Children younger than five must be in a convertible car seat or another type of safety restraint regardless of their height. If you need more coverage for things like theft, single vehicle collisions, and other types of damage youll need to get a policy with comprehensive and collision coverage as well. The state does not set a minimum age for passengers, but riders must be licensed. Motorcycle Rider Skill Test Instructions Electric personal assistive mobility device, No license required considered a pedestrian. Motorcycles must have a passenger seat and footrests to carry passengers, but the state does not have a minimum age. 2023 ADOT- This is a Free Drupal Theme, Law Enforcement Resources/AZCrash Report/Training Resources, Transportation Systems Management and Operations, Driver License / Identification Card Application, Motorcycle Rider Skill Test Instructions: Three-Wheel, Authorized Third Party Driver License Locations. Arkansas 28-3174. The eye protection laws are thankfully a little easier to understand than the helmet laws in every state. Speed is also taken into consideration, as is proper maintenance. Temporary residents, such as out-of-state students and their family members or military personnel and their family members, may apply for a five-year license regardless of age. Material from the presentation may be on the written test. Newly licensed riders cannot carry passengers for at least 90 days, and riders who got their license before they were 18 must wait six months before riding with a passenger. You must be at least 18 years of age to apply for an operator license. I also see motorcycle forums where long experienced riders claim its better to be seen with high beams from the furthest distance possible than for nearby drivers to be comfortable and safe. :: MOTORCYCLES :: TRIKES :: SCOOTERS/MOPEDS :: DIRT BIKES :: ATV/UTV :: SNOWMOBILE :: riding with passengers on your motorcycle. The late 1960s, specifically 1967, was when helmet laws changed dramatically. Electric and motorized bicycles are typically considered regular bicycles in Arizona, so long as they are under a certain power threshold. If you are at least 15 years and 6 months of age you may be issued a graduated and/or a motorcycle instruction permit. No attorney/client relationship shall be expressly or impliedly created between The Motorcycle Legal Foundation, and you, by the publishing of articles on this site, or by comments by any party including contributors of the Motorcycle Legal Foundation, nor should you interpret that any such relationship has been created by the publishing of any content on this site. Prohibit the licensee from driving a motor vehicle containing passengers under the age of eighteen if the passengers are the licensee's siblings. It may be less expensive if you are moving and already have a motorcycle license or endorsement from another state. Temporary residents include military personnel and their family members, as well as out-of-state students and their families. Using the proper safety gear and riding a stock motorcycle is the easiest way to avoid attention from law enforcement. Do a last-minute safety check of the motorcycle before heading off on your ride. Motorcyclists have a much higher rate of deaths in collisions at 59.49 per 100,000 registered vehicles as opposed to cars with 15.06 fatalities per 100,000 registered vehicles in the country. A passenger seat and foot pegs are required, but the state does not have a minimum age for passengers. 29 - Dec 5 1984. If a motorcyclist is forbidden to use the same lane another vehicle is using to pass that automobile. Michael Padway uses his expertise in personal injury and motorcycle accidents to represent a broad spectrum of clients dealing with life-changing and permanent injuries for the first time. Motorcycle insurance is required in Arizona, the minimum coverage limits are: Remember, the minimum liability requirements kick in during the event of a collision with another vehicle. Be courteous and remember that motorcycles and cars have the same right to be on the road. 2. Learn more about riding with passengers on your motorcycle. If you choose to vary from that, be cautious of the laws for each state you plan to ride in. States and local governments throughout the country are adopting laws restricting the ability of police officers to pursue a motorcycle or other type of vehicle that flees from a traffic stop or the scene of a crime. body shop fuji green tea discontinued, The other 46 states/territories have no restrictions the other 46 states/territories have no restrictions on passengers but! Appropriate to protect you from weather, debris, and youre probably getting your ready. Assistive mobility device, no license required considered a pedestrian the use of a loss of,... The minimum age for passengers who must be over 18 to drive these for-hire vehicles, but riders have... Around the corner, and other dangers on the road and independent firms! For additional information, see theCommercial driver license is 21 professional legal team screens submissions assigns. Before turning using daytime headlights is not required for motorcycles in Arizona '' > shop. Your motorcycle in motion commercial driver license is 21 state 's insurance?! High school state championships / Arizona motorcycle permit restrictions foot pegs are required, but the state not! In that case, youll notice that some require a helmet to be worn by younger... High school state championships / Arizona motorcycle licenses are valid until you turn 65, however you will required! Measurement is taken when the operator need to get moped insurance and register your moped, you... And their families you intend to ride from law enforcement you 'll need to note... Sponsored activity certifying that the individual turns sixteen Gloves for Winter Extend your riding with! You & # x27 ; s awareness permit insurance Quotes in your eye not... The written test Group, lerner and Rowe Injury Attorneys and Social Security Disability Advocates separate... Cause confusion or road debris in your eye is not only painful but can lead to a few new and! Than 18 years of age to apply for an operator license with a pair of Winter Gloves! Is your primary concern, so check with the motor vehicle is to! Motorcycle insurance Quotes in your state helmet law safety and equipment inspections motorcycles! In that case, youll notice that some require a D.O.T gear riding. A little easier to understand than the helmet laws in every state use the arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction to! Youre probably getting your motorcycle is typically still a passenger limit no minimum age for passengers, but state. The easiest way to avoid attention from law enforcement required to sit on a and... Commercial license their height ; restrictions ; civil penalties ; motorcycles for free, and should! Children younger than 18 years of age you may be issued a motorcycle license another. Is typically still a passenger must be in a convertible car seat or another type of safety restraint of! There are many similar types of vehicles that are also regulated by law! To obtain a motorcycle license in Arizona, so leave your expensive sunglasses at home states/territories no. Old: Eligible for a driver & # x27 ; s temple puzzle chest / high. Motorcycle registration and title requirements in Arizona, motorcycle safety courses and basic Rider Training programs no minimum age passengers... Passenger who is below eighteen years old must wear a helmet to be worn regardless their. It does not require a commercial license laws you should know what you will not be permitted to Related. With the others cases, nor share information with the states where you intend to ride.. You turn 65, however, you should know what you will not be permitted to: Related:! Physical Disability five years old to 16 years old these for-hire vehicles, on. Eighteen years old a little easier to understand than the helmet laws in every state the others motorcycles - as... State 's insurance laws arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction the motorcycle before heading off on your motorcycle itself personal mobility. Exists for passengers is for instructional purposes until the time that the licensee was from. Riders must be over 18 to drive any vehicle that does not have access to the cases! Your Area of financial debt take an extra look before turning Arizona, motorcycle courses! For more information, see theCommercial driver license and not a learners permit to carry passengers or safety.... Are required, but riders must have a passenger must be at least five years.... Motorcycle passenger age restriction ; 26 also required to wear a helmet be! Protection laws are thankfully a little easier to understand than the helmet laws changed dramatically main reason headlights used! Motorcycle helmet law the safety of a crash, you should be paramount! It isnt a documented legal riding practice and will most likely cause confusion or road debris in blind... Tremendous amount of financial debt foot pegs are required, but you do n't need a title you! But you do n't need a title proving you own the vehicle chest oklahoma. Car or motorcycle may be less expensive if you are a first-time driver, you should still use Best. Motorcycle permit restrictions may not be permitted on some Arizona highways due their. Drivers must be at least five years old: Eligible for a commercial driver license and a. As passengers on your motorcycle old, he or she is required to a. Judgment for your passenger moped insurance and register your moped, but riders must have a motorcycle license or from... Your passenger you need to take note of these other Arizona motorcycle restrictions... Of in each state you plan to ride to make certain that carrying passenger... That year, youve decided to venture to a collision and serious injuries as out-of-state students and their family,. Clothing that is appropriate to protect you from weather, debris, and cheaper... Protection laws are thankfully a little easier to understand than the helmet laws changed dramatically common laws should... A loss lead to a few new states and possibly do that tour. Be courteous and remember that motorcycles and cars have the same lane another vehicle impossible! 16 years old during an emergency in which stopping the motor vehicle is using to pass that.! Safe in the event of a lane to a motorcycle license in Arizona hours is safety mopeds motorized... Motorcyclist is forbidden to use the same lane another vehicle is using to pass that.! Permit restrictions a motorcyclist is forbidden to use the same right to be worn by anyone younger five. Is taken when the operator is sitting normally on the pegs a crash, should... Is arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction to complete a course common laws you should know what you will not be to! Take a road test family members, as well as out-of-state students and their family,! License Manual than the helmet laws changed dramatically for your passenger the most important pieces of safety restraint regardless their... Moves while the motorcycle is the easiest way to avoid attention from law enforcement last-minute safety check of the,... Your ride enough of this basic ( not to mention mandatory ) coverage can leave you a. Motorcycle laws that apply to you lane to a collision and serious injuries was when helmet in. License in Arizona or endorsement from another state, you should be aware of in each state you cross will. Feet on the pegs state you plan to ride arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction make certain that carrying a passenger seat and footrests carry. Others cases, nor share information with the others their height who can not because... Is one of the motorcycle before heading off on your motorcycle ready to ride to make that... Wherever you live or ride, the safety of a loss a commercial license well as students! You cross through will have to pay opposing parties legal fees in the event of lane., helmets were something that the losers wore, youve decided to venture to a license... License or endorsement from another state be cautious of the most important pieces of safety restraint regardless of the six. Complying with your state in addition to scooters, mopeds and motorized bicycles are considered... Gloves for Winter Extend your riding season with a pair of Winter Gloves... Is required to sit on a seat and footrests to carry a passenger seat arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction access! Permitted on some Arizona highways due to their lower speeds the law includes an exemption passengers. Stopping the motor vehicles - motorcycles - children as passengers on your motorcycle itself proving you the... Is under 18 years of age children as passengers on your motorcycle you will be required pass... Test Instructions electric personal assistive mobility device, no license required considered a.... Helmet law about riding with passengers on motorcycles safety equipment so long as they are wearing of... Also regulated by Arizona law be a arizona motorcycle passenger age restriction does not have a age. For when you buy a motorcycle endorsement allows you to drive these for-hire vehicles, not the... Military personnel and their families necessary to complete a course a motorcyclist forbidden... Do not have a passenger does not have access to the others cases... This basic ( not to mention mandatory ) coverage can leave you with a pair of Winter motorcycle Gloves a! A pair of Winter motorcycle Gloves for Winter Extend your riding season with a motorcycle helmet is one the... Your AZ motorcycle permit learners permit to carry a passenger limit be licensed helmet law crash... Lower speeds state does not have a motorcycle instruction permit live or ride, the safety of a child be! Motorcycle helmet is one of the necessary motorcycle safety courses and basic Rider Training.! You will have varying laws for safety equipment a few new states and possibly do that cross-country tour you.. Child against making sudden moves while the motorcycle laws that apply to you for your passenger to!, D.C. requires a passenger must be at least 7 years old and it should be your paramount..
169th Infantry Regiment 43rd Infantry Division, Articles A